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In this assignment you will train several models and evaluate how effectively they predict instances of fraud using data based on this dataset from Kaggle.
Each row in fraud_data.csv corresponds to a credit card transaction. Features include confidential variables V1 through V28 as well as Amount which is the amount of the transaction.
The target is stored in the class column, where a value of 1 corresponds to an instance of fraud and 0 corresponds to an instance of not fraud.
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
Import the data from fraud_data.csv. What percentage of the observations in the dataset are instances of fraud?
This function should return a float between 0 and 1.
def answer_one():
# Your code here
df = pd.read_csv(r'fraud_data.csv')
fraud_percent = len(df[df['Class']==1])/len(df['Class'])
return fraud_percent # Return your answer
# Use X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test for all of the following questions
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
df = pd.read_csv('fraud_data.csv')
X = df.iloc[:,:-1]
y = df.iloc[:,-1]
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=0)
Using X_train, X_test, y_train, and y_test (as defined above), train a dummy classifier that classifies everything as the majority class of the training data. What is the accuracy of this classifier? What is the recall?
This function should a return a tuple with two floats, i.e. (accuracy score, recall score).
def answer_two():
from sklearn.dummy import DummyClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import recall_score
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
# Your code here
dummy_majority = DummyClassifier(strategy = 'most_frequent').fit(X_train, y_train)
y_pred = dummy_majority.predict(X_test)
accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test,y_pred)
recall = recall_score(y_test,y_pred)
return (accuracy,recall)# Return your answer
Using X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test (as defined above), train a SVC classifer using the default parameters. What is the accuracy, recall, and precision of this classifier?
This function should a return a tuple with three floats, i.e. (accuracy score, recall score, precision score).
def answer_three():
from sklearn.metrics import recall_score, precision_score, accuracy_score
from sklearn.svm import SVC
# Your code here
svm = SVC().fit(X_train,y_train)
y_pred = svm.predict(X_test)
accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test,y_pred)
recall = recall_score(y_test,y_pred)
precision = precision_score(y_test,y_pred)
return (accuracy, recall, precision)# Return your answer
Using the SVC classifier with parameters {'C': 1e9, 'gamma': 1e-07}, what is the confusion matrix when using a threshold of -220 on the decision function. Use X_test and y_test.
This function should return a confusion matrix, a 2x2 numpy array with 4 integers.
def answer_four():
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
from sklearn.svm import SVC
# Your code here
svm = SVC(C=1e9 , gamma = 1e-07).fit(X_train,y_train)
y_pred = svm.decision_function(X_test)
y_pred_new = np.zeros_like(y_pred)
y_pred_new[np.where(y_pred >= -220)] =1
confusion = confusion_matrix(y_test,y_pred_new)
return confusion# Return your answer
Train a logisitic regression classifier with default parameters using X_train and y_train.
For the logisitic regression classifier, create a precision recall curve and a roc curve using y_test and the probability estimates for X_test (probability it is fraud).
Looking at the precision recall curve, what is the recall when the precision is 0.75?
Looking at the roc curve, what is the true positive rate when the false positive rate is 0.16?
This function should return a tuple with two floats, i.e. (recall, true positive rate).
def answer_five():
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.metrics import precision_recall_curve
from sklearn.metrics import roc_curve
# Your code here
model = LogisticRegression().fit(X_train,y_train)
y_pred = model.decision_function(X_test)
precision,recall,threshold = precision_recall_curve(y_test,y_pred)
fpr,tpr,_ = roc_curve(y_test,y_pred)
recall_value = float(recall[np.where(precision==0.75)])
tpr_value = float(tpr[np.where((fpr >= 0.159) & (fpr <= 0.16))][0])
return recall_value,tpr_value # Return your answer
Perform a grid search over the parameters listed below for a Logisitic Regression classifier, using recall for scoring and the default 3-fold cross validation.
'penalty': ['l1', 'l2']
'C':[0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100]
From .cv_results_, create an array of the mean test scores of each parameter combination. i.e.
| | l1 | l2 |
|:----: |---- |---- |
| 0.01 | ? | ? |
| 0.1 | ? | ? |
| 1 | ? | ? |
| 10 | ? | ? |
| 100 | ? | ? |
This function should return a 5 by 2 numpy array with 10 floats.
Note: do not return a DataFrame, just the values denoted by '?' above in a numpy array. You might need to reshape your raw result to meet the format we are looking for.
def answer_six():
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
params = {'C':[0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100],'penalty': ['l1', 'l2']}
# Your code here
model = LogisticRegression()
model_lr = GridSearchCV(model, params, scoring ="recall", cv =3)
model_lr.fit(X_train,y_train)
output = model_lr.cv_results_["mean_test_score"].reshape(-1,2)
return output# Return your answer
# Use the following function to help visualize results from the grid search
def GridSearch_Heatmap(scores):
%matplotlib notebook
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure()
sns.heatmap(scores.reshape(5,2), xticklabels=['l1','l2'], yticklabels=[0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100])
plt.yticks(rotation=0);
#GridSearch_Heatmap(answer_six())